Calculus or calculi (plural) are stones that appear in the kidneys. They also appear in the urinary tract. They are also called kidney stones and they cause severe pain during urination. Called as renal calculi, they are known to cause abdominal pain, pain in the groin, flank, and inflammation. It is also accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, pain during urination, blood in urine, urgency to urinate, urine that smells, and cloudy urine. Sometimes, these symptoms might also be accompanied by fever and chills. Renal calculus or calculi are generally made of calcium oxalate (See: Calcium Oxalate), urate, cystine, phosphate, and xanthine. Kidney stones can occur due to various reasons including dehydration, diet rich in calcium, protein, dairy, and intake of certain medications, excess calcium, excess vitamin D, and conditions like hyperparathyroidism. Other forms of calculus include gallbladder stones, stones that occur in the bile duct, calculi that occur in the gastrointestinal tract, calculi in the stomach, calculi in the tonsils, calculi in the veins, and calculi in the salivary glands. Most of these conditions cause inflammation and pain. These conditions resolved by medications and surgery. People with diabetes are at a risk of developing renal calculi due to excess uric acid in the urine.
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